France, for example, could gain around EUR150 billion, or 6.9% of the 2015 GDP, over 20years (i.e. They find that more gender equal boards have a beneficial effect in companies where shareholder rights are weak and more monitoring is thus beneficial, while the impact is negative for companies with strong shareholder rights. 30, pp. due to communication difficulties, Positive self-selection: unobservable characteristics such as grit and determination to overcome additional hurdles, e.g. The social justice perspective on diversity is a way of understanding how people from different backgrounds can come together to work and create in inclusive and ethical settings. : An assessment of their (in)effectiveness using administrative data., http://oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190274801.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780190274801-e-13, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/9789264281318-en. Select one or more items in both lists to browse for the relevant content, Browse the selectedThemes and / or countries. [29] Suedekum,J., K.Wolf and U.Blien (2014), Cultural diversity and local labour markets. Since post-war migration began, Australia has been taking in a million immigrants each decade from all regions of the world. The lack of diversity in Australian politics has been apparent for years. The Governments proposal to amend the Racial Discrimination Act and the importance of the race hate laws to social cohesion. 396414. 84% of respondents agreed that multiculturalism has been good for Australia, while 75% agreed that it benefits the economic development of Australia. Today, Australia's population of about 23 million is one of the most interesting and diverse populations in the world. 559-627. [2] The United Nations defines a socially cohesive society where all groups have a sense of belonging, participation, inclusion, recognition and legitimacy.[3]. The Attorney-General has talked of a multi-front war being waged against freedom of speech and proposes new provisions to strengthen this freedom. Most studies discussed in this section discuss the impact of migrant diversity and gender, which reflects both the interest of the public debate as well as the focus of the literature. Growth Of Work Opportunities [8], Not only have we witnessed an increase in racial discrimination through our formal complaints mechanism we have also seen a disturbing rise of racial abuse in the public domain, whether it be on public transport or on the sporting field. 2018/02, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/869ef2ec-en. 11802, IZA - Institute of Labor Economics. taxation, investments in public goods, Increased social cohesion: through stronger labour market inclusion and interactions at the workplace, Reduced trust and social interactions: e.g. First, the individual or interpersonal level, which includes everyday racism that happens with speech, glances. [26] Alesina,A., J.Harnoss and H.Rapoport (2016), Birthplace diversity and economic prosperity, Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. Parent's Education and Wealth The previous generation's socioeconomic status has a huge impact on the socioeconomic status of the current generation. Hip-hop artist Brothablack deals with racism and bullying in schools; script and actors by students at the James Mitchell School in Sydney. This can be seen as an indication that board diversity is more than a numbers game, but that the context and gender stereotypes matter, for example whether women or minorities on boards have a de facto equal standing when it comes to decision making. For these reasons, we hypothesised that initial contact resulting from diversity may prove challenging, but that these challenges should be overcome with time. Social Science & Medicine, 73 (7): 10451053. Despite some contradictory findings, evidence generally points to a negative relationship between diversity and these indicators of social cohesion, although findings vary strongly across countries, level of analysis and the inclusion of moderating factors. Racism prevents fellow Australians from being able to participate in our society. Lecturer in Environmental Art - School of Art and Design. I caution the Government to consult widely and extensively before making any changes, as any amendments to the legislation have the capacity to affect the human rights of all Australians. Looking at regions within 12 EU countries,4 higher immigrant diversity is found to have a positive impact on the productivity and wages of natives. Overall, however, the literature does not allow to make a strong business case; neither for nor against increasing the share of women in company boards. Im often asked what are the types of situations that will be covered if the Exposure Draft is adopted in its current form? Its difficult to consider situations that would fall under the revisions; People of all religions, ethnic backgrounds, age and gender have so much to contribute, but this can only happen when there is a sense of inclusion and belonging, when people feel part of this country. (2018), Birthplace Diversity and Economic Growth: Evidence from the Us States in the Post-World War II Period, IZA Discussion Paper Series, No. a 0.35% increase in GDP per year) from elevating employment rates of women, French-born with a migration background, residents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods and people with disabilities to the average employment level (Bon-Maury etal., 2016[47]). Sue brings over 15 years of HR and Diversity, Equity, Inclusion consultation experience. Postdoctoral Research Associate, University of Oxford, Professor of Sociology, Princeton University, Senior Lecturer in Social Policy, University of Birmingham, Emeritus Professor of Social Psychology and Public Policy, University of Oxford. [11] stergaard,C., B.Timmermans and K.Kristinsson (2011), Does a Different View Create Something New? Survival, according to this view, depended on protecting the group from the potential dangers posed by unknown others who were approached with caution. [2] One third (34.8 per cent) of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people live in major cities [3]; 43.8 per cent live in regional areas; 7.7 per cent live in remote areas; and 13.7 . At the level of US States, they estimate that a 1-percentage point increase in the share of foreign-born STEM college graduates in the overall graduate population boosts patents per capita by 9-18 percent. [36] Dinesen,P. and K.Snderskov (2017), Ethnic Diversity and Social Trust: A Critical Review of the Literature and Suggestions for a Research Agenda, in Uslaner,E. on the level of firms, teams and executive boards. More diversity in education and gender appears to boost innovation while the impact of migrant diversity is not significant. 6, pp. [4] Hunt,J. and M.Gauthier-Loiselle (2010), How much does immigration boost innovation?. gender, ethnicity or age. These notions of equality, participation and empowerment are values that underpin our work at the Australian Human Rights Commission, including anti-discrimination laws in respect of disability, age, social justice and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, race, and gender. Thank you to the Affinity Foundation for the invitation to be here tonight for the 2014 Iftar dinner and to celebrate Ramadan. Play video - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mtw5ZAtbaY. Most definitions involve notions of solidarity, willingness to participate and togetherness. Similarly, an analysis of reports filed in the context of the Dutch diversity law Wet SAMEN finds that skilled labour market shortage impacts ethnic minority representation positively (Verbeek, 2012[50]). [21] Bell,S. etal. Recent Commission priorities lie in responding to racial vilification, especially online and also bullying in schools and the workplace. The key role that Australia's immigrants played in this economic achievement cannot be taken away. [3] Chellaraj,G., K.Maskus and A.Mattoo (2008), The contribution of international graduate students to US innovation. This index accounts both for the heterogeneity of a population as well as the size of different population groups. In addition, there is evidence for the UnitedStates that at the city level, diversity generally has no significant impact on wages for low-skilled jobs, but has a positive impact on wages in high-skilled, high-income jobs that demand complex problem-solving (Cooke and Kemeny, 2017[27]). 709-743. [43] Stolle,D., S.Soroka and R.Johnston (2008), When Does Diversity Erode Trust? The Aboriginal peoples developed their accommodation with the environment over a period of at least 40,000 years, during which time they had little contact with the outside world. Sections 18C and D of the Racial Hatred Bill 1995 were introduced at the request of the Australian Institute of Jewish affairs, and leaders of the Italian, Greek, Vietnamese and Chinese communities, following a National inquiry into Racist Violence conducted by Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (now the AHRC), the Royal Commission into Aboriginal Deaths in Custody Report in 1991 and the Report of the Law Reform Commission on Multiculturalism and the Law, the following year. More than ever before, our communities are changing in terms of their ethnic and religious composition. In addition, respondents were asked about the motivation behind these policies, whether outcomes where monitored and evaluated, and what kind of obstacles they had experienced. The link between social cohesion and racism has been established by a report that was prepared by independent researchers for the Joint Commonwealth, State and Territory Research Advisory Committee. [31] Bellini,E. etal. (2008), Cultural diversity and economic performance: Evidence from European regions, HWWI Research Papers, No. (ed. This provision is so broad it is difficult to see any circumstances in public to which the protections would apply. Also on the AFL field, Melbournes Neville Jetta was subjected to racial abuse during a game against the Western Bulldogs. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice tothe status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area. [13] Post,C. and K.Byron (2015), Women on Boards and Firm Financial Performance: A Meta-Analysis, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. Second, research that can identify causal links between diversity and economic outcomes, e.g. Furthermore, gender-diverse boards allocate more effort to monitoring, while CEO compensation is found to be more sensitive to stock performance. 33/6, pp. Furthermore, assessing the economic impact is difficult for two main reasons. At: http:// www.uws.edu.au/social_sciences/soss/research/challenging_racism/findings_by_region (viewed 15 August 2013). [20] Schneid,M. etal. They find that diversity in education and nationality have a positive impact on product innovation for a firm. Importantly, the initial negative effect, whereby diversity was associated with reduced trust, was fully cancelled out by the positive effect of mixing with members of different groups. [40] Baldwin,K. and J.Huber (2010), Economic versus Cultural Differences: Forms of Ethnic Diversity and Public Goods Provision, American Political Science Review, Vol. In recent years the Australian Multicultural Council has played an important leadership role in this regard. Measurement of team performance includes multiple indicators, such as efficiency, creativity, innovation and productivity. labour market discrimination; positive selection of who migrates, More intra-group conflict: e.g. University of Oxford provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK. Briefing: Immigration, Diversity and Social Cohesion. The perpetrator was never identified however the Western Bulldogs made the following statement: It has been the club's initiative to make this matter public and to acknowledge the wrongdoing of one of our own supporters. To answer that I think we need to define what it is. The Temple of All Religions (Universal Temple), Kazan, Russia, consists of several types of religious architecture (church, mosque, synagogue). [41] Delhey,J. and K.Newton (2005), Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?, European Sociological Review, Vol. [34] Alesina,A. and E.La Ferrara (2005), Ethnic Diversity and Economic Performance. 1546-1571. [41] Delhey,J. and K.Newton (2005), Predicting Cross-National Levels of Social Trust: Global Pattern or Nordic Exceptionalism?. For the first time, the 2013 Scanlon Foundation report asked respondents about multiculturalisms impact on the Australian way of life and whether it has been good for Australia. For example, studies on social cohesion in neighbourhoods show that the key element for weak social cohesion is the low socio-economic status of a neighbourhood rather than its ethnic diversity (Letki, 2008[37]; Tolsma, van der Meer and Gesthuizen, 2009[38]; Laurence, 2017[39]). This appears to be linked to biased managers interacting less with minorities, thereby leading minorities to exert less effort (Glover, Pallais and Pariente, 2017[25]). Under our statutory mandate we have several functions: We also participate in international bilateral programmes with China and Vietnam, and our experience through these technical cooperation programs has been that our regional neighbours often look to us to share learn from our experience. (2011), Recent advances in intergroup contact theory, International Journal of Intercultural Relations, Vol. [25] Glover,D., A.Pallais and W.Pariente (2017), Discrimination as a self-fulfilling prophecy: evidence from French grocery stores, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp. (2010), The Gender and Ethnic Diversity of US Boards and Board Committees and Firm Financial Performance. It is through these dinners that we are able to come together to celebrate diversity, foster awareness and increase understanding of the magnitude of cultures that exist in modern Australia, and the value that this diversity brings. Of particular significance is the removal of the requirement that acts be done reasonably and in good faith. The majority of these studies has focused on Western European and North American countries and looks at the micro level impact, i.e.
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