Responsible NASA Official: Peter Struk Controllers - The ground controller is responsible for the safe and efficient movement of aircraft and vehicle traffic on the taxiways and aprons. Reported one Captain: There are several reasons why the Checklists and nonessential communication should be withheld until the aircraft is stopped and the brakes set, If the pilot is unfamiliar with the airport or for any reason confusion exists as to the correct taxi routing, a request may be made for progressive taxi instructions which include step-by-step routing directions, Progressive instructions may also be issued if the controller deems it necessary due to traffic or field conditions (for example, construction or closed taxiways), The need for progressive taxi can be mitigated by proper preflight planning and having airport diagrams handy, The use of takeoffs-and-landings/taxi lights is an effective means of illuminating surface hazards during taxi movements at night and alerting all concerned of an aircraft's presence/position in flight, Lights may be turned off under certain conditions whereby safety is still the primary focus, Examples would be when taxiing toward or yielding too other aircraft or in a ramp setting with adequate ambient lighting, A low visibility taxi plan will exist giving the pilot additional instructions when the RVR is less than 1,200' and again in operations less than 600' RVR, Do not switch frequencies while taxiing, in case ground needs to contact you, Auto-switch tower when approaching the hold short to monitor traffic, If you have just cleared a runway and are looking to taxi, call with intentions as appropriate, Exit without delay at the first available taxiway or as instructed, Personnel must always be aware of the dangers associated with moving surfaces, Rotor wash created by the blades of a rotary-winged aircraft or thrust from the exhaust section of a fixed-winged aircraft may cause severe personnel injury, The proper safety equipment must always be worn when working on flight decks and flight lines, Aircraft with conventional landing gear (tailwheel/draggers) aircraft have special considerations that are unique to them, The center of gravity of a tailwheel aircraft is behind the cockpit which can cause instability during taxi, Make smooth inputs on the controls and be mindful that the center of gravity is not allowed to get to the side of the aircraft with enough momentum to carry it around, Once a ground loop has started there is no way to get out of it until it has run its course, In the interest of avoiding obstacles or staying on a paved surface however, differential breaking with the inside break will tighten the loop, While speed can be a contributing factor to ground loops, it is also necessary to maintain positive control, If the aircraft is taxiing too fast, and breaks are applied too firmly, the tail can raise causing the tailwheel to lose effectiveness while simultaneously causing the propeller to move closer to the ground, If the tail comes up high enough, the pilot may experience a propeller, or "prop" strike, Flight Personnel are utilized on many aircraft ramps to direct traffic in an orderly fashion in accordance with local procedures [, Flashing your landing/taxi lights at the marshaller will help signal when you are ready, especially at night, Likewise, don't blind them with the light, turn it off until clear of the marshaller, Night: Flashlight moved vertically up-and-down repeatedly, Night: Flashlight moved horizontally back-and-forth repeatedly, Day: One arm pointing up with the other pointing down, Night: Same signal as day, but with lights, Day: Point to engine OR indicate engine number with fingers while making horizontal circular motion above head with other, Day: Move arms outward with thumbs pointed outward, Day: The direction of turn is indicated by that arm pointing downward while the other gestures to come closer, Day: Flagman holds hands in air to catch the pilot's attention, Day: With palms facing down, arms are moved up and down at side, Day: Move arms inward with thumbs pointed inward, Day: A cutting motion with a flat palm is made across neck, Day: Hand cupped behind ear as if listening, Day: Hand waved back and forth in an erasing motion in front of face, with palm turned forward, Night: Trace of letter N, given by external light, Fingers held vertically indicate 1 through 5, Fingers held horizontally indicate 6 through 9, Forgetting to remove a tie-down or chocks prior to attempting movement, Improper aileron deflection, particularly after turning, Taxiing with a power setting that requires controlling taxi speed with the brakes, To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, risk management, and skills associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance, References: FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73; Chart Supplements; AIM, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The student pilot's failure to maintain a visual look out while transitioning from the active runway to a taxiway resulting in an on-ground collision with a taxiway sign, The NTSB determines the probable cause(s) of this accident to be: The pilot's failure to maintain clearance from a parked airplane during taxi operations at night, Taxiing is part of every flight, and it should be part of planning, ATC clearances or instructions pertaining to taxiing are predicated on known traffic and known physical airport conditions, Since "the pilot-in-command of an aircraft is directly responsible for, and is the final authority as to, the operation of that aircraft" the pilot should obtain clarification of any clearance or instruction which is not understood, Therefore, it is important that pilots clearly understand the clearance or instruction, Although an ATC clearance is issued for taxiing purposes, when operating in accordance with the CFRs, it is the responsibility of the pilot to avoid collision with other aircraft, In addition to conducting taxi operations as a maneuver, pilots must also be familiar and comply with all, Pay attention when in a movement area and be cognizant of expectation bias, that is having a belief you are prepared for what lies ahead and not pay attention to what is different, such as an atypical location for a runway hold position marking, When it comes to hand and arm signals, variations may exist, If any questions come up while taxiing, stop, and try to get clarification before proceeding, When taxiing and determining wind direction, make sure you account for the resultant wind, Consider the use of heading bugs to remember where the wind is coming from and/or to remember the assigned takeoff direction, Consider the use of a heading indicator course indicator to supplement, While it is best practice to always apply taxi corrections, regardless of wind velocity, it is imperative these corrections be used any time you can feel even the slightest movement in the yoke, During ground operations, jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash (types of thrust stream turbulence) can cause damage and upsets if encountered at close range, Pilots should consider the effects of jet blast, prop wash, and rotor wash on aircraft, vehicles, maintenance equipment, and open structures (i.e., hangars) during ground operations, Additional resources are available through tools such as the FAA's, Remember when parking, to park in such a way to avoid inevitable jet blast (especially from larger aircraft), use tiedowns, and install control locks or covers as appropriate, Don't be afraid to practice if you need it, Different aircraft require different skills and even experienced pilots in, As pilots upgrade into larger aircraft, taxiing may be accomplished by the use of a tiller, vs. rudder pedals. IF: You detect ice on your aircraft during the preflight inspection. Resistance to the prop turning indicates a possible hydraulic lock in at least one of the cylinders. Copyright SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 2021-2023. clearance to each other. It refers to the lean mixture performance number (or octane rating) of the fuel. Here are the top 5 mistakes I see routinely at our home airport. 0000005441 00000 n Flooding at Fort Lauderdale Airport Causes Cancellations, Diamonds DA40 NG Just Might Be What the General Aviation Market Is Clamoring For. Even something as routine as taxiing Ground deicing is typically accomplished in several ways. obtain and read back any ground movement controller clearance prior to entering an area where clearance is required. If a mixture of aviation gasoline and jet fuel is used in a reciprocating aircraft engine, what are the possible results? The FAA and Transport Canada publish holdover time guidelines which are the times aircraft surfaces can be expected to remain protected from refreezing after anti-icing. the passenger count. Let's review some of the things which In response, we have issued some transportation-related measures and guidance. frame works fine. Become throughly trained. Continue searching. What safety procedures must be observed when hand-propping a small aircraft engine? Under what conditions may automobile gasoline be used in an aircraft engine? include distractions, blocked radio transmissions, a mindset to taxi to a particular 0000005618 00000 n The number one violation we see at our airport is aircraft taxiing too fast. For anti-icing applications, this fluid may be applied undiluted. is taxiing as routine as you may have thought it was. ASRS narratives include statements such others reported that the lack of conspicuous taxiway markings and signs contributed Air carriers, canadian airport, passenger screening, security measures. we hope to offer a few practical suggestions towards eliminating future taxi-related this author, most involved unauthorized runway transgressions. Sh/3R_\l/s`}$xzjh*d3>Y",^Y>@ TSdB$C-)ZetV % :`j@HTPrFL@we[e|TuJ!s|3Kv SJd>|GRHkHVd(MZkzI%(P6}Ylr IV]e MOgc5zCWBndn V. Oil seeps by the piston rings and accumulates in the combustion chamber of lower cylinders. Do I call ground before starting the engine? We and our partners use data for Personalised ads and content, ad and content measurement, audience insights and product development. For anti-icing applications, this fluid is applied undiluted. Air carriers are urged to review Slide 1. On 21 August 2006, a Boeing 737-500 suffered a nose landing gear collapse during towing at the Newark Liberty International Airport. Foreign objects such as rocks, gravel, rags, or loose hardware. Briefly, the best practices for deicing small general aviation aircraft include: All deicing/anti-icing fluids are designed to shear off during the take-off roll and do not provide protection after take-off. In all cases they should: request, readback and comply with an appropriate clearance, taxi at a speed appropriate to the conditions and traffic situation, be vigilant for taxi lane compromise by another aircraft, vehicle or object, not assume that vehicles will yield right-of-way, ICAO Doc 9157 Aerodrome Design Manual Part 4: Visual Aids (4th edition 2004). Study the procedures in the Airplane Flight Manual. FAA's updated "advisory circular" includes newly defined items such as airport operations areas and non-movement areas, and offers guidance for towered airports regarding non-pilot workers and equipment in the runway safety area. would place the airport diagram chart where it could be easily referred to during 0000249761 00000 n 0000247884 00000 n The tow vehicle brakes should be used except in an emergency - then the aircraft brakes may be used. What Does a Pilot Require To Remain Current in an Aircraft Requiring a Type Rating? They will be addressed at two levels; operations less than 1,200 feet RVR to 500 feet RVR and operations less than 500 feet RVR, Specific lighting systems and surface markings may be found in Paragraph 2-1-11, Taxiway Lights, and Paragraph 2-3-4, Taxiway Markings, When low visibility conditions exist, pilots should focus their entire attention on the safe operation of the aircraft while it is moving. In the cockpit, complexity and workload will increase. If you become uncertain of your position, stop and ask ground control for assistance. All rights reserved. One noted problem is on the side window frames. 2068 0 obj <> endobj This article examines collisions and near collisions whilst aircraft are on the airport manoeuvring areas inclusive of taxiways and ramp areas. What does the number 100 signify in 100LL aviation gasoline? Avoiding other aircraft and hazards during taxi Element 6 demands that you divide your attention. 0000249961 00000 n Place the aircraft in a heated hangar to melt frozen contaminants, followed by anti-icing to prevent refreezing of the melted contaminants when the aircraft is removed from the hangar. What procedure should be followed prior to starting a large radial engine to detect and/or prevent a hydraulic lock in the cylinders? 0000152886 00000 n Simulation results indicate that total taxiing time is reduced by 243s after optimization and no taxiing conflict occurs. Continue with Recommended Cookies. This will affect the promulgation of procedures and the required qualification for those occupying the flight crew seats on the aircraft during the manoeuvre. 0000002743 00000 n Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by galaxystar7766 Terms in this set (32) Whats the definition of taxiing? 0000250038 00000 n A taxi-in runway incursion is one where an aircraft which has just landed and which subsequently enters any active runway en route to parking, whether contrary to or in accordance with ATC clearance. Table 1 contains the standard taxi light signals used by control towers to control and expedite the taxiing of aircraft. Complete the medical terms based on their meanings and the word parts given. A laser is not a toy. For general aviation, however, insufficient or improper ground deicing/anti-icing continues to cause several fatalities a year. 0000194210 00000 n the usual cues such as holding lines for intersecting runways probably will contribute to taxi distractions. Small general aviation aircraft should never use thickened fluids - especially Type II & IV but also Type III in most cases - because their rotation speeds are not high enough to completely shear the fluid off the wing. 0000005695 00000 n Page updated: September 27, 2016. If an engine induction fire occurs while starting a reciprocating engine, what procedure should be followed to extinguish the fire? The deicing fluids and some of their characteristics are identified in the chart and the "Related Information" links on this page. hazards associated with beginning taxi without obtaining the "all clear" Now then, In this section, we discuss the specific issues associated with ground operations in icing conditions. Large transport vs. small aircraft operations. Definition. Some taxi-related Maximum danger comes when two aircraft are present on the same active runway at the same time, despite any late awareness of this circumstance on the part of either the controller(s . . Pilots tend to taxi faster on runways than taxiways, exacerbating this problem. of the two hundred twenty-four runway transgressions reported in 1991, forty-one High noise levels that might cause hearing damage. 0000247519 00000 n And as Manage Settings When a piston comes up on its compression stroke, the incompressible liquid seizes it. when pilots were instructed to taxi on inactive runways. Autor de la entrada: Publicacin de la entrada: marzo 18, 2023; The responsibilities of a ground crew team carrying out an aircraft tow include ensuring that no part of the aircraft structure will impact any fixed object, vehicle, or other aircraft. (a) It is difficult to extinguish a fire on a crude oil . collision. rushing and "the lack of coordination between the cockpit and ground personnel" 0000148135 00000 n They aren't just limited Read reports on Transportation Safety Board investigations into specific aviation safety issues. Paraphrasing FAR 121.542: "No certificate holder line without ATC clearance at a controlled airport, or without making sure of
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